Through seeking out clinical learning opportunities as a graduate student, you’ll open yourself up to career paths you may not have considered, as well as inspiration for your research now and in the future. This Meet-the-Clinician-Expert features Y. Joyce Liao, a physician-scientist and the director of Neuro-Opthalmology at Stanford University, who walks through ways to strategically structure your training. “As a person hoping to cross the basic research and the clinical realm, it's really important that you're growing on both sides continuously. While you're in graduate school, you want to be doing good research so that you can graduate and learn all the skills to be a scientist, but you should be doing some clinical research too,” she shares.

In the temporal lobe, nestled underneath the cortex, is an almond-shaped capsule of neurons known as the basolateral amygdala (BL). It has long been considered central to the production of learned emotional behaviors. For instance, when you avoid a dark alley or run into a store to get a refreshing bottle of water on a hot day, your BL is likely coordinating with a wide variety of brain regions to enable these behaviors. Traditionally, the BL has been thought to do this by linking input stimuli with appropriate behavioral effectors through segregated circuits. Such “feed-forward” circuits were thought to support rapid emotional responses to environmental cues a subject previously experienced. This contrasts with how cortical circuits, which are highly interconnected and coordinate their activities using oscillatory cycles of excitation and inhibition, are thought to operate. Rhythms can be recorded using implanted electrodes that measure the local field potential (LFP), which reflects the combined electrical activities of numerous nearby neurons.

As scientists across fields continue to innovate functional, structural, and molecular imaging tools, the potential for using advanced strategies to analyze large physiological and anatomical datasets is rising dramatically. These technologies have the capacity to facilitate high-impact discoveries in basic and applied neuroscience, especially when combined in optimal ways. This short course from Neuroscience 2018 will offer practical considerations for combining imaging tools that will help you select those that will most assist you in investigating a specific scientific question in your basic or translational research. You’ll come away with an understanding of: • Optimization of optogenetics for interrogating neural circuits. • Miniature microscopes, voltage imaging techniques, and other techniques to examine neural ensemble activity. • Adaptive optics for in vivo imaging. • Technologies to extract single-neuron activity from large datasets. • Statistical modeling of connectomes. • Expansion microscopy, optogenetic control, and fluorescent imaging of neural dynamics.

The most important skill a scientist needs, after the skills needed to execute a study, is the ability to report his or her scientific endeavors in writing. The editors-in-chief of four international neuroscience journals — Brain and Behavior, the European Journal of Neuroscience, the Journal of Neuroscience Research, and Neuroscience, the journal of the International Brain Research Organization — come together in this workshop to offer insight into what editors look for, what their roles are, and what you can to do to make your paper stand out. Watch the recording to learn more about the review process, including why peer review is important, what’s essential to include in your paper, and how to be ethical and ensure reproducibility in your experiments.

Learn how to make yourself a stronger job candidate, consider career paths you may not have thought of, connect with like-minded scientists, and find work-life balance. In this interview, Samantha Baglot, a PhD student at the University of Calgary, in Canada, shares how she’s pursuing her passion for improving education through neuroscience outreach and project management. What made you want to start doing outreach, and how did you get involved? When I started my master's degree about three years ago, I joined the Neuroscience Graduate Student Association at The University of British Columbia. I was interested in what their vice president of outreach was doing. At the time, she was organizing Vancouver's Brain Bee and Brain Awareness Week events, as well as collaborative events with artists and other communities on campus. I worked with her. Then an opportunity came up for a project where we look at the history of neuroscience through cartoons, and I took the lead on that. I do a lot of delegating, organizing, and recruiting volunteers.

Developing strategic research and personal connections — a global network — can help you navigate career transitions and challenges and be successful in your career. In this workshop from Neuroscience 2018, a panel of researchers with experience living and working away from their home countries offered advice for building these culturally based support systems, centered around the four themes below. Read on for highlights and advice, and watch the recording to listen in on this interactive panel discussion.

Live imaging of neuronal populations often reveals a background signal that engulfs the signal from individual neurons. Typically, this background signal is dismissed as uninformative or as an epiphenomenon. We imaged in freely moving mice acetylcholine-releasing (cholinergic) interneurons in the striatum that play a critical role in basal ganglia function and dysfunction in movement disorders. Importantly, these interneurons give rise to a profusely dense neuropil of fine neuronal processes that fill the striatum. Under these circumstances, our analysis revealed the background signal arising from the neuropil represents a “mean-field” readout of the collective recurrent activity of cholinergic interneurons. Thus, the neuropil signal functions as a physiological readout of the network state. For over half a century, clinicians and scientists have known a disruption of the so-called balance between acetylcholine and dopamine released in the region of the brain called the striatum is a central pathological correlate of various movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. This imbalance was deduced from biochemical and histological studies of the striatum. However, evidence for such an imbalance in the physiological activity of brain circuits has been lacking.

In the mouse, no complete innate behavioral circuit has been defined, and mechanistic understanding of the neurons that drive behavior remains largely unknown. Lisa Stowers was one of the first postdocs to work with Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Catherine Dulac on decoding the mouse olfactory system. In this Meet-the-Expert, she delves into why, 20 years after they began, there’s work left to do, and why innate behavior is not so easy to study as advertised. By watching you’ll gain an understanding of the means and metrics of analysis, assumptions of circuit coding, and interpretations of the effects of viral and optogenetic manipulations, contributing to a greater overall understanding of the coding of innate behavior.

Principal neurons (PNs) of the lateral superior olive (LSO) are a critical component of brain circuits that compare information between the two ears to extract sound source-location-related cues. LSO PNs are not a homogenous group but differ in their transmitter type, intrinsic membrane properties, and projection pattern to higher processing centers in the inferior colliculus. Glycinergic inhibitory LSO PNs have higher input resistance than glutamatergic excitatory LSO PNs (∼double). This suggests that the inhibitory cell type has a lower minimum input or signal intensity required to produce an output (activation threshold) which may impact how they integrate binaural inputs. However, cell-type-specific differences in the strength of synaptic drive could offset or accentuate such differences in intrinsic excitability and have not been assessed. To evaluate this possibility, we used a knock-in mouse model to examine spontaneous and electrically stimulated (evoked) synaptic events in LSO PN types using volta...

Pain sensation often involves mechanical modalities. Mechanically activated (MA) ion channels on sensory neurons underly responsiveness to mechanical stimuli. MA current properties have mainly been derived from rodent sensory neurons. This study aimed to address gaps in knowledge regarding MA current properties in trigeminal (TG) neurons of a higher-order species, common marmoset nonhuman primates (NHP). MA currents triggered by a piezoactuator were recorded in patch-clamp configuration. MA responses were associated with action potential (AP) properties, such as width, dV/dt on the falling phase, and presence/absence of AP firing in NHP TG neurons. According to responsiveness to mechanical stimuli and AP properties, marmoset TG neurons were clustered into four S-type and five M-type groups. S-type TG neurons had broader AP with two dV/dt peaks on the AP falling phase. Only one S-type group of NHP TG neurons produced small MA currents. M-type TG neurons had narrow AP without two dV/dt peaks on the AP fallin...