In this presentation, Mario Penzo will describe the various strategies commonly employed for the delivery of bacterial opsins to the nervous system. Specifically, Penzo will: - Describe different opsin delivery methods, such as virus injection, electroporation, and use of transgenic mice. - Identify, for a particular delivery strategy (adeno-associated virus vectors), the importance of the various serotypes available. After watching this presentation, you should be able to understand the pros and cons of the different opsin delivery methods.

In this presentation, Lisa Gunaydin will introduce some of the common uses of optogenetics in an in vivo setting. Specifically, Gunaydin will: - Describe different purposes of optogenetics in vivo, such as to manipulate behavior and test functional connectivity. - Introduce the role of combining optogenetics with other methods, such as neural recordings or imaging. - Introduce translational applications of optogenetics to develop new therapeutic paradigms. After watching this presentation, you should be able to describe several types of in vivo experiments in which optogenetics can be useful.

In this presentation, D. Paola Calderon and Aryn Gittis will introduce some of the common uses of optogenetics in an in vivo setting. Specifically, Calderon and Gittis will: - Identify experimental settings adequate to establish a causal relationship between neuronal populations and behavior. - Describe experimental settings required for using optogenetics to study neuronal circuits during in vivo recordings. After watching this presentation, you should be able to describe the essential details to design and perform an in vivo optogenetics experiment using acute and chronic preparations.

In this presentation, faculty will provide information to optimize, validate, and troubleshoot optogenetics experiments in order to avoid and address potential confounds. Specifically, Julia Lemos and Shana Augustin will: - Describe how to achieve optimal opsin expression. - Describe how to design control experiments to optimize opsin expression while limiting confounds. - Describe anatomical and functional validation of opsin expression. After watching this presentation, you should be able to identify and understand how to address common potential pitfalls in optogenetics experiments.

In this presentation, faculty cover some of the key technical issues that arise when designing and interpreting optogenetic experiments. Specifically, Chris Chen and Scott Owen will: - Describe how to select optimal tools and stimulation parameters for an optogenetics experiment. - Identify potential confounds related to stimulus parameters. - Describe key methods to validate optogenetic tools. After watching this presentation, you should be able to better understand how to select optimal tools and stimulation parameters for an optogenetics experiment.

In this presentation, faculty cover some of the major caveats to optogenetics experiments, at the conceptual and technical level. Specifically: - Stephan Lammel discusses the importance of careful methodological considerations for interpreting the results of optogenetic experiments. - Karel Svoboda highlights some of the many potential unexpected effects of optogenetics perturbation in the context of neural circuit dynamics and behavior. - David Kupferschmidt shares how diverse forms of synaptic plasticity and complex neurochemistry can complicate our ability to infer direct “causation” from optogenetics experiments. After watching this presentation, you should be able to: - Understand and control for potential confounds of optogenetics manipulations that involve non-cell-type-specific expression of opsins, toxicity, tissue heating, and scattered light delivery. - Understand how to turn potential unexpected effects of optogenetics manipulation to your advantage using neurophysiological characterization of the system response optogenetics perturbation. - Understand and minimize the potential confounds of synaptic plasticity and complex neurochemistry in the interpretation of optogenetics experiments.