Anterior-posterior interactions in the alpha band (8-12 Hz) have been implicated in a variety of functions including perception, attention, and working memory. The underlying neural communication can be flexibly controlled by adjusting phase relations when activities across anterior-posterior regions oscillate at a matched frequency. We thus investigated how alpha oscillation frequencies spontaneously converged along anterior-posterior regions by tracking oscillatory EEG activity while participants rested. As more anterior-posterior regions (scalp sites) frequency-converged, the probability of additional regions joining the frequency convergence increased, and so did oscillatory synchronization at participating regions (measured as oscillatory power), suggesting that anterior-posterior frequency convergences are driven by inter-regional entrainment. Notably, frequency convergences were accompanied by two types of approximately linear phase gradients, one progressively phase-lagged in the anterior direction...

Beta event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP), including bilateral movement-related beta desynchronization (MRBD) and post-movement beta synchronization (PMBS), can be evoked by unilateral speed movement. A potential correlation might exist between power (de)synchronization and interhemispheric coherence during movement execution. However, during the PMBS phase, the existence of interhemispheric coupling and the effect of speed on it are largely undiscovered. This study aimed to answer this question. In the present study, we investigated eight healthy, right-handed volunteers using a combination of electroencephalography (EEG), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and electromyography (EMG). We explored interhemispheric (directed) coherence during isotonic right index finger abduction movements at two speeds: ballistic and self-paced. We discovered that: (i) Compared to the MRBD period, interhemispheric coherence was greater during the PMBS period. Furthermore, ballistic movement induced a larger coh...

Alpha (8-12 Hz) oscillations and default mode network (DMN) activity dominate the brain’s intrinsic activity in the temporal and spatial domains, respectively. They are thought to play crucial roles in the spatiotemporal organization of the complex brain system. Relatedly, both have been implicated, often concurrently, in diverse neuropsychiatric disorders, with accruing electroencephalogram/magnetoencephalogram (EEG/MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data linking these two neural activities both at rest and during key cognitive operations. Prominent theories and extant findings thus converge to suggest a mechanistic relationship between alpha oscillations and the DMN. Here, we leveraged simultaneous EEG-fMRI data acquired before and after alpha-frequency transcranial alternating current stimulation ( α -tACS) and observed that α -tACS tightened the dynamic coupling between spontaneous fluctuations in alpha power and DMN connectivity (especially, in the posterior DMN, between the posteri...

Central sensitization plays a critical role in bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC). Electroacupuncture (EA) nerve stimulation therapy has been broadly acknowledged as an effective means of alleviating chronic pathological pain. However, it remains to be explored whether EA is effective in mitigating pain-sensitive symptoms of BPS/IC and the mechanisms involved. This study aims to investigate the analgesic effect and mechanism of EA therapy. To achieve this goal, we employed several techniques: mechanical pain threshold tests to assess pain sensitivity, urodynamic studies to evaluate bladder function, Western blotting (WB) for protein analysis, immunofluorescence for visualizing, and transcriptomics. A rat cystitis model was established through a systemic intraperitoneal injection with cyclophosphamide (CYP). EA therapy was executed by stimulating the deep part of the hypochondriac point, where the 2nd-4th sacral nerves traverse. EA treatment was observed to effectively reduce mechanical al...

Alexander disease (AxD) is a rare neurological disorder caused by dominant gain-of-function mutations in the gene for glial acidic fibrillary protein ( GFAP ). Expression of mutant protein results in astrocyte dysfunction that ultimately leads to developmental delay, failure to thrive, and intellectual and motor impairment. The disease is typically fatal, and at present there are no preventative or effective treatments. To gain a better understanding of the link between astrocyte dysfunction and behavioral deficits in AxD we recently developed a rat model that recapitulates many of the clinical features of the disease, including failure to thrive, motor impairment, and white matter deficits. In the present study, we show that both male and female AxD model rats exhibit a neurodegenerative profile with a progressive neuroinflammatory response combined with reduced expression of synaptic and mitochondrial proteins. Consistent with these results AxD rats show reduced hippocampal long-term potentiation and are...

A transatlantic cooperation for enriched neuroscience training The Federation of European Neuroscience Societies (FENS) and the Society for Neuroscience (SfN) are delighted to announce their strategic collaboration on priority areas including scientific training and career development. The two organizations recognize the importance of thinking globally about science and the enrichment that comes from a global perspective. By combining their efforts, FENS and SfN aim to further enhance the support provided to their members in today’s complex scientific and political environment. The FENS Committee on Higher Education and Training (CHET) and the SfN Neuroscience Training Committee (NTC) are aligning their strategies to offer their members opportunities that may not be available through traditional training programs. The two committees will work closely together, exchange in-depth information, share tools, and develop coordinated training activities.

Material below summarizes the article, Mechanosensory Stimulation Evokes Acute Concussion-Like Behavior by Activating GIRKs Coupled to Muscarinic Receptors in a Simple Vertebrate, published on April 18, 2017, in eNeuro and authored by Wen-Chang Li, Xiao-Yue Zhu and Emma Ritson.

Material below summarizes the article, Mitochondrial Ultrastructure Is Coupled to Synaptic Performance at Axonal Release Sites, published on January 15, 2018, in eNeuro, authored by Csaba Cserép, Balázs Pósfai, Anett Dóra Schwarcz and Ádám Dénes. Synaptic transmission, the process through which brain cells communicate with each other, consumes a huge amount of energy, the vast majority of which is provided by neuronal mitochondria. As information is being processed and stored in the brain, long-term changes occur in synaptic strength, altering both the structure and the activity of these connections. This means the amount of energy needed at a given location in neural networks is also changing in space and time, making some kind of adaptation mechanism necessary. Our eNeuro paper describes the structural basis of this — so far unrecognized — adaptation mechanism that is likely responsible for local demand matching.

Opening your lab to undergraduates can positively impact the next generation of scientists. They’ll have the opportunity to be exposed to the world of scientific discovery, experience failure and practice resilience, and develop critical thinking skills. Audrey Chen, one of The Claremont College’s 5-C Summer Undergraduate Research Program faculty, expands on these advantages and explains how to successfully integrate students into ongoing research projects.

Material below is adapted from the SfN Short Course, Purification and Culture Methods for Astrocytes, by Shane Liddelow, PhD. Short Courses are day-long scientific trainings on emerging neuroscience topics and research techniques held just prior to SfN’s annual meeting. Astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells that can clear debris, form scars, and take a number of other actions in response to a variety of central nervous system (CNS) problems, such as brain tumors, stroke, and neurodegenerative disease. But alongside beneficial effects, reactive astrocytes may also have a negative impact on CNS health. In order to understand the diversity of roles that these cells can play, researchers have recently devised methods for isolating and growing them in the lab. A comparison of these methods will reveal their potential in future research, as well as bring to light the ways in which these methods could be enhanced. Purifying a single cell type can be a powerful tool, but it is important to keep in mind whether the method you choose for purification will allow you to investigate the aspects of the cells that you need to study.