Animal learning can be analyzed on two timescales: task acquisition across training sessions and motivation fluctuations within training sessions. How do variations in motor and neurophysiologic activity relate to task performance over these timescales? Here, this question was examined in head-fixed mice performing a whisker-based sensory discrimination task. Male mice were trained for 12-14 daily sessions on a go/no-go task, each lasting approximately one hour to capture spontaneous performance fluctuations over minutes. Simultaneous to task performance, “non-performance variables” were tracked, including wheel running, pupil size, eyelid aperture and sensory cortical activity. First, motivation states were defined based on performance tendencies over minutes, leading to three state categories: persistent , disengaged , or attentive . Non-performance variables were found to predict these states independent of task correctness. Then, when further parsing these states by the go/no-go outcomes of hit, miss, ...

Following a traumatic brain injury (TBI), the neocortex undergoes time-dependent cellular responses including immediate tissue deformation, enhanced excitability and elevated expression of immediate early genes. However, the spatial extent of early neuronal activity after a focal injury remains unclear. Here we use Targeted Recombination in Active Populations (TRAP) reporter mice of both sexes to identify neurons activated in the acute phase following a controlled cortical impact injury applied to somatosensory neocortex. We find widespread cell activation across large portions of the cortex that extends beyond the astrocytic and microglial responses marking the injury site. Activated cells are predominantly neurons, and few cells co-label with GFAP or IBA1. Our findings reveal that even focal injury engages cortical circuits across large portions of the injured brain, highlighting the importance of considering cortex-wide neuronal dynamics in the early post-injury period and their potential impact on netw...

Complex problems often allow multiple paths to a solution. Choosing and taking the best path is an important part of the executive cognition that underpins intelligent problem-solving behaviour. However, once a path is chosen, the motor system must be activated for executing it. This interface between problem-solving and self-generated action has rarely been studied. We recorded EEG movement-related potentials while 25 participants (7 males, 18 females) performed the “Tower of London” problem-solving task. In a control condition, participants merely followed instructed steps without planning for any goal, and thus without any sense that their movements solved a problem. Readiness potentials (RPs) preceding actions showed a more sustained preparatory negativity for self-generated than stimulus-driven movements. Critically, this effect was most pronounced at the first move of a sequence and diminished at later stages, indicating that preparatory activity is closely linked to the planning demands of sequence ...

In this one-hour long webinar, you will learn key points of drafting and submitting a scientific abstract. Learn how to prepare your submission for Neuroscience 2024, including what information to include, key deadlines, and what materials you need to submit.

With repeated exposure to addictive drugs, there is a shift from drug abuse to drug addiction that is mediated by the transition from goal-directed to habitual control. It is well known that the development of habitual control over behavior relies upon cell-type-specific synaptic changes in both D1 and D2 medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in dorsal striatum. Specifically, habitual behavior is mediated by increased synaptic strength in D1 and D2 MSNs in dorsolateral striatum (DLS), suggesting similar cell-type-specific synaptic changes may underlie the development of habitual cocaine-seeking behavior. However, cell-type-specific synaptic changes have not been evaluated in DLS in this context. Therefore, we trained male rats to self-administer cocaine in a self-administration paradigm that allows for differentiation of goal-directed vs. habitual cocaine-seeking behavior. Moreover, we used a viral vector under a D2-specific promoter to fluorescently label D2 MSNs with eYFP in DLS. Evoked excitatory postsynaptic cur...

You’ve chosen your journal and submitted your paper, but what happens next? Join this hour-long webinar to hear Editors-in-Chief Sabine Kastner (JNeurosci) and Mariela Zirlinger (Neuron) discuss how editors and reviewers are assigned, desk rejections, and responding to reviewer feedback.

Decision-making is a continuous process that manifests as evolving sequences of motor movements while animals navigate the sensory environment. Studying decision-making in a naturalistic setting has been challenging as restrictions are typically imposed on subjects’ motor actions in the laboratory. We utilized a novel paradigm in which animals move freely throughout the decision-making process to examine the sequence and timing of motor actions predictive of decisions. We trained freely moving ferrets (2 males, 3 females), highly visual carnivores, to perform visual discrimination tasks and measured their head position and eye movements to assess the temporal dynamics of heading and saccades during visually guided decisions. We discovered that heading revealed ferrets’ “turning time” per trial, signaling their choices, and heading on its own best predicted ferrets’ decisions. Ferrets made decisions quickly and decisively, although total trial durations varied across animals. Importantly, initial heading, a...

Organizing a “Nano” is a fantastic opportunity to network and connect with others in your field. Don’t know how to organize a nanosymposium or find others to participate? This webinar will review how to select a topic, identify others who might be interested in joining, and how to recruit others to join the nano.

Implicit sequence and visuomotor skill learning is important for successful goal-directed behavior in everyday tasks. However, prior research has primarily relied on correlational methods to investigate the underlying neural mechanisms of sequence and visuomotor skill learning. To evaluate the necessary contributions of different motor cortical regions to both types of skill learning, we enrolled 62 neurotypical adults (41 female, 21 male) and delivered spatiotemporally resolved single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over either the premotor cortex (PMC) or primary motor cortex (M1) to transiently disrupt activity while participants practiced an implicit motor sequence task. We hypothesized that 1) PMC disruption would preferentially reduce sequence-specific skill acquisition (Experiment 1) and retention (Experiment 2) while 2) M1 disruption would diminish visuomotor skill acquisition and retention but not sequence learning. Our results demonstrated that TMS-based interference over both M1 an...

Vocal communication is essential for social behavior, yet the distributed brain networks underlying vocal production remain elusive. Male mice produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during courtship, providing a rodent model for investigating neural circuits underlying innate vocal communication. Here, we used a double-labelling strategy that combined genetic activity tagging (TRAP2) and c-Fos immunohistochemistry to generate an unbiased, whole-brain map of neuronal ensembles activated during courtship-induced USV production in adult male mice. By tracking neuronal activity across 25 brain regions during two independent courtship sessions, we identified populations consistently recruited during social vocalization. Quantitative analyses revealed robust activation in the caudal periaqueductal gray, confirming its established role as a hub for vocal motor control. Importantly, correlation analyses between neuronal activity and USV count distinguished regions specifically linked to vocal output from those as...